Timeframe
5m
Direction
Long Only
Stoploss
-100.0%
Trailing Stop
Yes
ROI
0m: 28.8%, 81m: 10.1%, 170m: 4.9%, 491m: 0.0%
Interface Version
N/A
Startup Candles
N/A
Indicators
25
freqtrade/freqtrade-strategies
Strategy 003 author@: Gerald Lonlas github@: https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade-strategies
# GodStraNew Strategy
# Author: @Mablue (Masoud Azizi)
# github: https://github.com/mablue/
# freqtrade hyperopt --hyperopt-loss SharpeHyperOptLoss --spaces buy roi trailing sell --strategy GodStraNew
# --- Do not remove these libs ---
from freqtrade import data
from freqtrade.strategy.hyper import CategoricalParameter, DecimalParameter
from numpy.lib import math
from freqtrade.strategy.interface import IStrategy
from pandas import DataFrame
# --------------------------------
# Add your lib to import here
# TODO: talib is fast but have not more indicators
import talib.abstract as ta
import freqtrade.vendor.qtpylib.indicators as qtpylib
from functools import reduce
import numpy as np
from random import shuffle
# TODO: this gene is removed 'MAVP' cuz or error on periods
all_god_genes = {
'Overlap Studies': {
'BBANDS-0', # Bollinger Bands
'BBANDS-1', # Bollinger Bands
'BBANDS-2', # Bollinger Bands
'DEMA', # Double Exponential Moving Average
'EMA', # Exponential Moving Average
'HT_TRENDLINE', # Hilbert Transform - Instantaneous Trendline
'KAMA', # Kaufman Adaptive Moving Average
'MA', # Moving average
'MAMA-0', # MESA Adaptive Moving Average
'MAMA-1', # MESA Adaptive Moving Average
# TODO: Fix this
# 'MAVP', # Moving average with variable period
'MIDPOINT', # MidPoint over period
'MIDPRICE', # Midpoint Price over period
'SAR', # Parabolic SAR
'SAREXT', # Parabolic SAR - Extended
'SMA', # Simple Moving Average
'T3', # Triple Exponential Moving Average (T3)
'TEMA', # Triple Exponential Moving Average
'TRIMA', # Triangular Moving Average
'WMA', # Weighted Moving Average
},
'Momentum Indicators': {
'ADX', # Average Directional Movement Index
'ADXR', # Average Directional Movement Index Rating
'APO', # Absolute Price Oscillator
'AROON-0', # Aroon
'AROON-1', # Aroon
'AROONOSC', # Aroon Oscillator
'BOP', # Balance Of Power
'CCI', # Commodity Channel Index
'CMO', # Chande Momentum Oscillator
'DX', # Directional Movement Index
'MACD-0', # Moving Average Convergence/Divergence
'MACD-1', # Moving Average Convergence/Divergence
'MACD-2', # Moving Average Convergence/Divergence
'MACDEXT-0', # MACD with controllable MA type
'MACDEXT-1', # MACD with controllable MA type
'MACDEXT-2', # MACD with controllable MA type
'MACDFIX-0', # Moving Average Convergence/Divergence Fix 12/26
'MACDFIX-1', # Moving Average Convergence/Divergence Fix 12/26
'MACDFIX-2', # Moving Average Convergence/Divergence Fix 12/26
'MFI', # Money Flow Index
'MINUS_DI', # Minus Directional Indicator
'MINUS_DM', # Minus Directional Movement
'MOM', # Momentum
'PLUS_DI', # Plus Directional Indicator
'PLUS_DM', # Plus Directional Movement
'PPO', # Percentage Price Oscillator
'ROC', # Rate of change : ((price/prevPrice)-1)*100
'ROCP', # Rate of change Percentage: (price-prevPrice)/prevPrice
'ROCR', # Rate of change ratio: (price/prevPrice)
'ROCR100', # Rate of change ratio 100 scale: (price/prevPrice)*100
'RSI', # Relative Strength Index
'STOCH-0', # Stochastic
'STOCH-1', # Stochastic
'STOCHF-0', # Stochastic Fast
'STOCHF-1', # Stochastic Fast
'STOCHRSI-0', # Stochastic Relative Strength Index
'STOCHRSI-1', # Stochastic Relative Strength Index
'TRIX', # 1-day Rate-Of-Change (ROC) of a Triple Smooth EMA
'ULTOSC', # Ultimate Oscillator
'WILLR', # Williams' %R
},
'Volume Indicators': {
'AD', # Chaikin A/D Line
'ADOSC', # Chaikin A/D Oscillator
'OBV', # On Balance Volume
},
'Volatility Indicators': {
'ATR', # Average True Range
'NATR', # Normalized Average True Range
'TRANGE', # True Range
},
'Price Transform': {
'AVGPRICE', # Average Price
'MEDPRICE', # Median Price
'TYPPRICE', # Typical Price
'WCLPRICE', # Weighted Close Price
},
'Cycle Indicators': {
'HT_DCPERIOD', # Hilbert Transform - Dominant Cycle Period
'HT_DCPHASE', # Hilbert Transform - Dominant Cycle Phase
'HT_PHASOR-0', # Hilbert Transform - Phasor Components
'HT_PHASOR-1', # Hilbert Transform - Phasor Components
'HT_SINE-0', # Hilbert Transform - SineWave
'HT_SINE-1', # Hilbert Transform - SineWave
'HT_TRENDMODE', # Hilbert Transform - Trend vs Cycle Mode
},
'Pattern Recognition': {
'CDL2CROWS', # Two Crows
'CDL3BLACKCROWS', # Three Black Crows
'CDL3INSIDE', # Three Inside Up/Down
'CDL3LINESTRIKE', # Three-Line Strike
'CDL3OUTSIDE', # Three Outside Up/Down
'CDL3STARSINSOUTH', # Three Stars In The South
'CDL3WHITESOLDIERS', # Three Advancing White Soldiers
'CDLABANDONEDBABY', # Abandoned Baby
'CDLADVANCEBLOCK', # Advance Block
'CDLBELTHOLD', # Belt-hold
'CDLBREAKAWAY', # Breakaway
'CDLCLOSINGMARUBOZU', # Closing Marubozu
'CDLCONCEALBABYSWALL', # Concealing Baby Swallow
'CDLCOUNTERATTACK', # Counterattack
'CDLDARKCLOUDCOVER', # Dark Cloud Cover
'CDLDOJI', # Doji
'CDLDOJISTAR', # Doji Star
'CDLDRAGONFLYDOJI', # Dragonfly Doji
'CDLENGULFING', # Engulfing Pattern
'CDLEVENINGDOJISTAR', # Evening Doji Star
'CDLEVENINGSTAR', # Evening Star
'CDLGAPSIDESIDEWHITE', # Up/Down-gap side-by-side white lines
'CDLGRAVESTONEDOJI', # Gravestone Doji
'CDLHAMMER', # Hammer
'CDLHANGINGMAN', # Hanging Man
'CDLHARAMI', # Harami Pattern
'CDLHARAMICROSS', # Harami Cross Pattern
'CDLHIGHWAVE', # High-Wave Candle
'CDLHIKKAKE', # Hikkake Pattern
'CDLHIKKAKEMOD', # Modified Hikkake Pattern
'CDLHOMINGPIGEON', # Homing Pigeon
'CDLIDENTICAL3CROWS', # Identical Three Crows
'CDLINNECK', # In-Neck Pattern
'CDLINVERTEDHAMMER', # Inverted Hammer
'CDLKICKING', # Kicking
'CDLKICKINGBYLENGTH', # Kicking - bull/bear determined by the longer marubozu
'CDLLADDERBOTTOM', # Ladder Bottom
'CDLLONGLEGGEDDOJI', # Long Legged Doji
'CDLLONGLINE', # Long Line Candle
'CDLMARUBOZU', # Marubozu
'CDLMATCHINGLOW', # Matching Low
'CDLMATHOLD', # Mat Hold
'CDLMORNINGDOJISTAR', # Morning Doji Star
'CDLMORNINGSTAR', # Morning Star
'CDLONNECK', # On-Neck Pattern
'CDLPIERCING', # Piercing Pattern
'CDLRICKSHAWMAN', # Rickshaw Man
'CDLRISEFALL3METHODS', # Rising/Falling Three Methods
'CDLSEPARATINGLINES', # Separating Lines
'CDLSHOOTINGSTAR', # Shooting Star
'CDLSHORTLINE', # Short Line Candle
'CDLSPINNINGTOP', # Spinning Top
'CDLSTALLEDPATTERN', # Stalled Pattern
'CDLSTICKSANDWICH', # Stick Sandwich
'CDLTAKURI', # Takuri (Dragonfly Doji with very long lower shadow)
'CDLTASUKIGAP', # Tasuki Gap
'CDLTHRUSTING', # Thrusting Pattern
'CDLTRISTAR', # Tristar Pattern
'CDLUNIQUE3RIVER', # Unique 3 River
'CDLUPSIDEGAP2CROWS', # Upside Gap Two Crows
'CDLXSIDEGAP3METHODS', # Upside/Downside Gap Three Methods
},
'Statistic Functions': {
'BETA', # Beta
'CORREL', # Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (r)
'LINEARREG', # Linear Regression
'LINEARREG_ANGLE', # Linear Regression Angle
'LINEARREG_INTERCEPT', # Linear Regression Intercept
'LINEARREG_SLOPE', # Linear Regression Slope
'STDDEV', # Standard Deviation
'TSF', # Time Series Forecast
'VAR', # Variance
}
}
god_genes = set()
########################### SETTINGS ##############################
god_genes = {'SMA'}
# god_genes |= all_god_genes['Overlap Studies']
# god_genes |= all_god_genes['Momentum Indicators']
# god_genes |= all_god_genes['Volume Indicators']
# god_genes |= all_god_genes['Volatility Indicators']
# god_genes |= all_god_genes['Price Transform']
# god_genes |= all_god_genes['Cycle Indicators']
# god_genes |= all_god_genes['Pattern Recognition']
# god_genes |= all_god_genes['Statistic Functions']
timeperiods = [5, 6, 12, 15, 50, 55, 100, 110]
operators = [
"D", # Disabled gene
">", # Indicator, bigger than cross indicator
"<", # Indicator, smaller than cross indicator
"=", # Indicator, equal with cross indicator
"C", # Indicator, crossed the cross indicator
"CA", # Indicator, crossed above the cross indicator
"CB", # Indicator, crossed below the cross indicator
">R", # Normalized indicator, bigger than real number
"=R", # Normalized indicator, equal with real number
"<R", # Normalized indicator, smaller than real number
"/>R", # Normalized indicator devided to cross indicator, bigger than real number
"/=R", # Normalized indicator devided to cross indicator, equal with real number
"/<R", # Normalized indicator devided to cross indicator, smaller than real number
"UT", # Indicator, is in UpTrend status
"DT", # Indicator, is in DownTrend status
"OT", # Indicator, is in Off trend status(RANGE)
"CUT", # Indicator, Entered to UpTrend status
"CDT", # Indicator, Entered to DownTrend status
"COT" # Indicator, Entered to Off trend status(RANGE)
]
# number of candles to check up,don,off trend.
TREND_CHECK_CANDLES = 4
DECIMALS = 1
########################### END SETTINGS ##########################
# DATAFRAME = DataFrame()
god_genes = list(god_genes)
# print('selected indicators for optimzatin: \n', god_genes)
god_genes_with_timeperiod = list()
for god_gene in god_genes:
for timeperiod in timeperiods:
god_genes_with_timeperiod.append(f'{god_gene}-{timeperiod}')
# Let give somethings to CatagoricalParam to Play with them
# When just one thing is inside catagorical lists
# TODO: its Not True Way :)
if len(god_genes) == 1:
god_genes = god_genes*2
if len(timeperiods) == 1:
timeperiods = timeperiods*2
if len(operators) == 1:
operators = operators*2
def normalize(df):
df = (df-df.min())/(df.max()-df.min())
return df
def gene_calculator(dataframe, indicator):
# Cuz Timeperiods not effect calculating CDL patterns recognations
if 'CDL' in indicator:
splited_indicator = indicator.split('-')
splited_indicator[1] = "0"
new_indicator = "-".join(splited_indicator)
# print(indicator, new_indicator)
indicator = new_indicator
gene = indicator.split("-")
gene_name = gene[0]
gene_len = len(gene)
if indicator in dataframe.keys():
# print(f"{indicator}, calculated befoure")
# print(len(dataframe.keys()))
return dataframe[indicator]
else:
result = None
# For Pattern Recognations
if gene_len == 1:
# print('gene_len == 1\t', indicator)
result = getattr(ta, gene_name)(
dataframe
)
return normalize(result)
elif gene_len == 2:
# print('gene_len == 2\t', indicator)
gene_timeperiod = int(gene[1])
result = getattr(ta, gene_name)(
dataframe,
timeperiod=gene_timeperiod,
)
return normalize(result)
# For
elif gene_len == 3:
# print('gene_len == 3\t', indicator)
gene_timeperiod = int(gene[2])
gene_index = int(gene[1])
result = getattr(ta, gene_name)(
dataframe,
timeperiod=gene_timeperiod,
).iloc[:, gene_index]
return normalize(result)
# For trend operators(MA-5-SMA-4)
elif gene_len == 4:
# print('gene_len == 4\t', indicator)
gene_timeperiod = int(gene[1])
sharp_indicator = f'{gene_name}-{gene_timeperiod}'
dataframe[sharp_indicator] = getattr(ta, gene_name)(
dataframe,
timeperiod=gene_timeperiod,
)
return normalize(ta.SMA(dataframe[sharp_indicator].fillna(0), TREND_CHECK_CANDLES))
# For trend operators(STOCH-0-4-SMA-4)
elif gene_len == 5:
# print('gene_len == 5\t', indicator)
gene_timeperiod = int(gene[2])
gene_index = int(gene[1])
sharp_indicator = f'{gene_name}-{gene_index}-{gene_timeperiod}'
dataframe[sharp_indicator] = getattr(ta, gene_name)(
dataframe,
timeperiod=gene_timeperiod,
).iloc[:, gene_index]
return normalize(ta.SMA(dataframe[sharp_indicator].fillna(0), TREND_CHECK_CANDLES))
def condition_generator(dataframe, operator, indicator, crossed_indicator, real_num):
condition = (dataframe['volume'] > 10)
# TODO : it ill callculated in populate indicators.
dataframe[indicator] = gene_calculator(dataframe, indicator)
dataframe[crossed_indicator] = gene_calculator(dataframe, crossed_indicator)
indicator_trend_sma = f"{indicator}-SMA-{TREND_CHECK_CANDLES}"
if operator in ["UT", "DT", "OT", "CUT", "CDT", "COT"]:
dataframe[indicator_trend_sma] = gene_calculator(dataframe, indicator_trend_sma)
if operator == ">":
condition = (
dataframe[indicator] > dataframe[crossed_indicator]
)
elif operator == "=":
condition = (
np.isclose(dataframe[indicator], dataframe[crossed_indicator])
)
elif operator == "<":
condition = (
dataframe[indicator] < dataframe[crossed_indicator]
)
elif operator == "C":
condition = (
(qtpylib.crossed_below(dataframe[indicator], dataframe[crossed_indicator])) |
(qtpylib.crossed_above(dataframe[indicator], dataframe[crossed_indicator]))
)
elif operator == "CA":
condition = (
qtpylib.crossed_above(dataframe[indicator], dataframe[crossed_indicator])
)
elif operator == "CB":
condition = (
qtpylib.crossed_below(
dataframe[indicator], dataframe[crossed_indicator])
)
elif operator == ">R":
condition = (
dataframe[indicator] > real_num
)
elif operator == "=R":
condition = (
np.isclose(dataframe[indicator], real_num)
)
elif operator == "<R":
condition = (
dataframe[indicator] < real_num
)
elif operator == "/>R":
condition = (
dataframe[indicator].div(dataframe[crossed_indicator]) > real_num
)
elif operator == "/=R":
condition = (
np.isclose(dataframe[indicator].div(dataframe[crossed_indicator]), real_num)
)
elif operator == "/<R":
condition = (
dataframe[indicator].div(dataframe[crossed_indicator]) < real_num
)
elif operator == "UT":
condition = (
dataframe[indicator] > dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
elif operator == "DT":
condition = (
dataframe[indicator] < dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
elif operator == "OT":
condition = (
np.isclose(dataframe[indicator], dataframe[indicator_trend_sma])
)
elif operator == "CUT":
condition = (
(
qtpylib.crossed_above(
dataframe[indicator],
dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
) &
(
dataframe[indicator] > dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
)
elif operator == "CDT":
condition = (
(
qtpylib.crossed_below(
dataframe[indicator],
dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
) &
(
dataframe[indicator] < dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
)
elif operator == "COT":
condition = (
(
(
qtpylib.crossed_below(
dataframe[indicator],
dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
) |
(
qtpylib.crossed_above(
dataframe[indicator],
dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
)
) &
(
np.isclose(
dataframe[indicator],
dataframe[indicator_trend_sma]
)
)
)
return condition, dataframe
class GodStraNew_SMAonly(IStrategy):
# #################### RESULTS PASTE PLACE ####################
# Buy hyperspace params:
buy_params = {
"buy_crossed_indicator0": "SMA-110",
"buy_crossed_indicator1": "SMA-6",
"buy_crossed_indicator2": "SMA-100",
"buy_indicator0": "SMA-5",
"buy_indicator1": "SMA-5",
"buy_indicator2": "SMA-55",
"buy_operator0": "/<R",
"buy_operator1": "<R",
"buy_operator2": "/<R",
"buy_real_num0": 0.3,
"buy_real_num1": 0.5,
"buy_real_num2": 0.9,
}
# Sell hyperspace params:
sell_params = {
"sell_crossed_indicator0": "SMA-50",
"sell_crossed_indicator1": "SMA-50",
"sell_crossed_indicator2": "SMA-110",
"sell_indicator0": "SMA-15",
"sell_indicator1": "SMA-110",
"sell_indicator2": "SMA-5",
"sell_operator0": "=",
"sell_operator1": "CA",
"sell_operator2": "<",
"sell_real_num0": 0.9,
"sell_real_num1": 0.5,
"sell_real_num2": 0.8,
}
# ROI table:
minimal_roi = {
"0": 0.288,
"81": 0.101,
"170": 0.049,
"491": 0
}
# Trailing stop:
trailing_stop = True
trailing_stop_positive = 0.323
trailing_stop_positive_offset = 0.388
trailing_only_offset_is_reached = True
# #################### END OF RESULT PLACE ####################
# TODO: Its not dry code!
# Buy Hyperoptable Parameters/Spaces.
buy_crossed_indicator0 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="ADD-20", space='buy')
buy_crossed_indicator1 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="ASIN-6", space='buy')
buy_crossed_indicator2 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="CDLEVENINGSTAR-50", space='buy')
buy_indicator0 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="SMA-100", space='buy')
buy_indicator1 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="WILLR-50", space='buy')
buy_indicator2 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="CDLHANGINGMAN-20", space='buy')
buy_operator0 = CategoricalParameter(operators, default="/<R", space='buy')
buy_operator1 = CategoricalParameter(operators, default="<R", space='buy')
buy_operator2 = CategoricalParameter(operators, default="CB", space='buy')
buy_real_num0 = DecimalParameter(0, 1, decimals=DECIMALS, default=0.89009, space='buy')
buy_real_num1 = DecimalParameter(0, 1, decimals=DECIMALS, default=0.56953, space='buy')
buy_real_num2 = DecimalParameter(0, 1, decimals=DECIMALS, default=0.38365, space='buy')
# Sell Hyperoptable Parameters/Spaces.
sell_crossed_indicator0 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="CDLSHOOTINGSTAR-150", space='sell')
sell_crossed_indicator1 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="MAMA-1-100", space='sell')
sell_crossed_indicator2 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="CDLMATHOLD-6", space='sell')
sell_indicator0 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="CDLUPSIDEGAP2CROWS-5", space='sell')
sell_indicator1 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="CDLHARAMICROSS-150", space='sell')
sell_indicator2 = CategoricalParameter(
god_genes_with_timeperiod, default="CDL2CROWS-5", space='sell')
sell_operator0 = CategoricalParameter(operators, default="<R", space='sell')
sell_operator1 = CategoricalParameter(operators, default="D", space='sell')
sell_operator2 = CategoricalParameter(operators, default="/>R", space='sell')
sell_real_num0 = DecimalParameter(0, 1, decimals=DECIMALS, default=0.09731, space='sell')
sell_real_num1 = DecimalParameter(0, 1, decimals=DECIMALS, default=0.81657, space='sell')
sell_real_num2 = DecimalParameter(0, 1, decimals=DECIMALS, default=0.87267, space='sell')
# Stoploss:
stoploss = -1
# Buy hypers
timeframe = '5m'
def populate_indicators(self, dataframe: DataFrame, metadata: dict) -> DataFrame:
'''
It's good to calculate all indicators in all time periods here and so optimize the strategy.
But this strategy can take much time to generate anything that may not use in his optimization.
I just calculate the specific indicators in specific time period inside buy and sell strategy populator methods if needed.
Also, this method (populate_indicators) just calculates default value of hyperoptable params
so using this method have not big benefits instade of calculating useable things inside buy and sell trand populators
'''
return dataframe
def populate_buy_trend(self, dataframe: DataFrame, metadata: dict) -> DataFrame:
conditions = list()
# TODO: Its not dry code!
buy_indicator = self.buy_indicator0.value
buy_crossed_indicator = self.buy_crossed_indicator0.value
buy_operator = self.buy_operator0.value
buy_real_num = self.buy_real_num0.value
condition, dataframe = condition_generator(
dataframe,
buy_operator,
buy_indicator,
buy_crossed_indicator,
buy_real_num
)
conditions.append(condition)
# backup
buy_indicator = self.buy_indicator1.value
buy_crossed_indicator = self.buy_crossed_indicator1.value
buy_operator = self.buy_operator1.value
buy_real_num = self.buy_real_num1.value
condition, dataframe = condition_generator(
dataframe,
buy_operator,
buy_indicator,
buy_crossed_indicator,
buy_real_num
)
conditions.append(condition)
buy_indicator = self.buy_indicator2.value
buy_crossed_indicator = self.buy_crossed_indicator2.value
buy_operator = self.buy_operator2.value
buy_real_num = self.buy_real_num2.value
condition, dataframe = condition_generator(
dataframe,
buy_operator,
buy_indicator,
buy_crossed_indicator,
buy_real_num
)
conditions.append(condition)
if conditions:
dataframe.loc[
reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, conditions),
'buy']=1
# print(len(dataframe.keys()))
return dataframe
def populate_sell_trend(self, dataframe: DataFrame, metadata: dict) -> DataFrame:
conditions = list()
# TODO: Its not dry code!
sell_indicator = self.sell_indicator0.value
sell_crossed_indicator = self.sell_crossed_indicator0.value
sell_operator = self.sell_operator0.value
sell_real_num = self.sell_real_num0.value
condition, dataframe = condition_generator(
dataframe,
sell_operator,
sell_indicator,
sell_crossed_indicator,
sell_real_num
)
conditions.append(condition)
sell_indicator = self.sell_indicator1.value
sell_crossed_indicator = self.sell_crossed_indicator1.value
sell_operator = self.sell_operator1.value
sell_real_num = self.sell_real_num1.value
condition, dataframe = condition_generator(
dataframe,
sell_operator,
sell_indicator,
sell_crossed_indicator,
sell_real_num
)
conditions.append(condition)
sell_indicator = self.sell_indicator2.value
sell_crossed_indicator = self.sell_crossed_indicator2.value
sell_operator = self.sell_operator2.value
sell_real_num = self.sell_real_num2.value
condition, dataframe = condition_generator(
dataframe,
sell_operator,
sell_indicator,
sell_crossed_indicator,
sell_real_num
)
conditions.append(condition)
if conditions:
dataframe.loc[
reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, conditions),
'sell']=1
return dataframe